46th International Workshop on High Energy Density Physics with Intense Ion and Laser Beams

A Galilean electromagnetic particle-in-cell (GEM-PIC) algorithm that reformulates the complete Maxwell and Vlasov equations in a Galilean-boosted coordinate frame s developed. This transformation preserves the full electro-magnetic dynamics of the interaction while leveraging scale separation to improve computational efficiency. In contrast to quasistatic approaches, GEM-PIC does not require distinguishing between “beam” and “streaming” particles, enabling a fully self-consistent description of particle trapping. This method provides an efficient and accurate framework for simulating plasma-based wakefield acceleration.