The CERN Proton Synchrotron – beams and upgrades

Besides its role as part of the injector chain for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the Proton Synchrotron (PS) at CERN delivers proton and ion beams to a wide range of experiments. They are supplied either through downstream accelerators like AD and SPS, or directly connected as fixed-target facilities to the PS. During the long shutdown (LS2) in 2019/20 major upgrades have been implemented for the LHC-type beams, including the increase of the injection energy to 2 GeV and significant improvements to the RF systems. The RF manipulations are moreover performed at higher energy. The characteristics of the main beam types are reviewed, together with first results from the recommissioning with beam in 2021.